Gradualism Versus Catastrophism Part One

Strangely fractured rock strata near Guadalest, Spain

Strangely fractured rock strata near Guadalest, Spain. Credit: Abdet.com

Oct 25, 2011

Did the terrain we see around us take millions of years to form? Some recent experiments suggest otherwise.

As mentioned in past articles, Electric Universe proponents think that something is wrong with the “long, slow” view of geology. Fossils are dated based on the rock layers in which they are found, so a uniformitarian view of geology influences the understanding of how life began and evolved on Earth. If the rock ages are wrong, fossil ages are wrong.

It is commonly believed that fossils are created when an animal or plant dies and is subsequently entombed in mud or silt before decay and dissolution. After millions of years, the sediments in which it is buried harden because of pressure from the overlying accumulation of other later deposits.

Tectonic forces then break or bend the ocean bottom (or lakebed), causing it to rise above the waterline and dry out, hardening the sediments into stone. Those layers of stone around the world are used to determine when the fossils were alive, since it is assumed that the top layers are younger than the bottom layers. The layers of hardened sediments are called “the geologic column.”

Prevailing theories state that it took millions, if not billions, of years to arrange the scenery on our planet. Mountains rise in response to mechanisms that are so slow as to be undetectable: the Himalayas, the Alps, and the Rocky Mountains retain the same shapes that ancient nomadic tribes saw.

The seas, it is said, have not left their basins in time spans that have no meaning to the human mind. The Atlantic Ocean has bridged the distance between Africa, Europe, and the Americas for a period greater than the human species has existed on Earth.

Rivers, deserts, canyons—all appear to our modern eyes just as they would have appeared to Alexander the Great, Goyathlay, Sargon, or Khufu. The cyclic processes of erosion or sediment deposition are the same today as they were long ago. Most of the current methods for dating artifacts, geologic layers, or fossils are dependent on that presumed gradual, uniform action.

What if the uniformitarian hypothesis is incorrect? What if the topography of Earth was created in a time so short that ancient civilizations were able to record it? What meaning would the Neolithic, or the Jurassic, or the Precambrian eras have? Would evolutionary theory suffer for the lack of a chronological map?

Electric Universe theorists postulate that between 5000 and 10,000 years ago (perhaps sooner), the Earth and its sister planets were engulfed in a catastrophic interplay of celestial forces that have not been seen since. Clouds of electrified plasma and electric arcs described by the ancients as “thunderbolts of the gods” dissected the continental geography, creating what traditional theories say are ages-old structures in an instant of time.

“Evolutionary theory is based upon the belief that a succession of fossil species in a scale of geological time demonstrates that evolutionary progress has taken place… As we have shown in the laboratory, layers of incoming sediment have been wrongly identified as being strata. The scale of geological time and the chronological succession of fossils have been calculated on this mistaken belief: that strata are successive layers of sediment. So the position of fossils, rather than sharing evolution, merely indicates the distribution of marine species which lived at different depths.” (Guy Berthault: Fundamental Experiments in Stratification)

Stephen Smith

Hat tip to Mel Acheson

Gradualism Versus Catastrophism Part Two

Grand Canyon

Layering through the Kaibab Plateau is visible in this image of the Grand Canyon.

Oct 26, 2011

Does the position of geologic strata determine age?

In part one of this article, a reference to laboratory experiments that falsify the consensus view of sediment deposition mentioned that fossil ages could not be reliably determined based on the so-called “geologic column.” The geologic column is defined as a series of depositional layers that form a chronological sequence. It is also called the “stratigraphical column.”

Considering the position of fossils in rock strata, the following sequence is generally accepted:

ERA PERIOD EPOCH END DATE IN MILLION YEARS
Quaternary   Holocene  
    Pleistocene  
Tertiary (Cenozoic)   Pliocene 2
    Miocene  
    Oligocene  
    Eocene  
  Jurassic   65
  Triassic   190
Primary (Paleozoic) Permian   225
  Carboniferous   280
  Devonian   345
  Silurian   395
  Ordovician   440
  Cambrian   500
  Precambrian   570

Thus, the extinction of the dinosaurs is said to have taken place over 65 million years ago. However, the popular notion that the geologic column represents vast periods of time is being questioned by a number of geologists who realize that it most likely results from a series of catastrophic events.

Nicolaus Steno is often said to be the father of geology. His “principle of superposition” influences geologists to this day, even though it was formulated in the late 1600s. In many ways it seems to be completely straight forward, but only now is it recognized that it was not based on experiments but on field observation.

“At the time when any given stratum was being formed, all the matter resting upon it was fluid, and, therefore, at the time when the lower stratum was being formed, none of the upper strata existed.”

In February 2000, Guy Berthault wrote a paper in which he described several experiments that analyzed the hydraulic processes involved with sedimentary layering. His conclusions were subsequently published in Lithology and Mineral Resources, Vol. 37, No. 5. Under conditions of constant flow rate and a continuous supply of particles, he discovered that a mixture of coarse and fine particles would separate into thin laminations.

Material flowing through a flume under simulated flood conditions created a downstream deposit that sorted into several horizontal strata that continued to build up on the advancing face. The unusual aspect to the deposition of particles is that each layer was composed of laminations younger than those farther back. Rather than top stratum being younger than the bottom, all strata were deposited simultaneously in a horizontal fashion. As the paper states: “Superposed strata are not, therefore, necessarily identical to successive sedimentary layers.”

Another problem with the superposed strata theory is speed of erosion. The current weathering rate for the continental shelves is thought to be six centimeters per thousand years. Therefore, in less than 10 million years today’s continental shelves will erode away. The difficulty with that assessment is that sediments hundreds of millions of years old are on top of all the continental shelves. How can this be when that material should have all washed away in the Cenozoic era?

Since rock layers are often dated by the type of fossil contained within them, and experiments reveal that the deposition of sediments containing pre-fossil skeletons can no longer be based on the principle of superposition, then rock layers can no longer be dated in that way.

Another problem with gradualism in geology is the radiometric dating of rocks. Rocks are typically dated using the principle of constant radioactive isotope decay rates and an assumption of the estimated original isotope ratios. The oldest rocks are dated using the uranium/lead half-life ratios.

When rocks form, they contain a certain percentage of elements. Zircon contains uranium and thorium atoms, but no lead. Therefore, the assumption is that all the lead in zircon must be radiogenic. This idea depends on a uniform, gradual process free of sudden alteration. If the decay rates of various elements can be altered by external influences, then the percentage formulae that indicate a sample’s age are unreliable.

“There has been in recent years the horrible realization that radiodecay rates are not as constant as previously thought, nor are they immune to environmental influences. And this could mean that the atomic clocks are reset during some global disaster, and events which brought the Mesozoic to a close may not be 65 million years ago but, rather, within the age and memory of man.” Fred Jueneman, FAIC, Industrial Research & Development, p.21, June 1982.

A foundation of Electric Universe theory is the flow of electricity through space and the catastrophic influence it had on planets and moons in the recent past. Whatever phenomenon it was, within the recorded history of humanity a great cataclysm engulfed the Earth. Canyons were blasted out, mountains raised, ocean basins shifted, and great swathes of plants, animals, and people obliterated in the blink of an eye.

Those enormous energies, the rearrangement of the topography, and the intense radiation make it impossible to assign any measure of antiquity. Repeated and rapid sedimentation that hardened to stone in mere minutes, fossilizing its burden of organic detritus, means that what is visible on the surface might be the same age as what lies beneath.

Stephen Smith

Hat tip to Mel Acheson