Rough Notes:

Caption: Pioneer Bus Probes on descent into Venus’ atmosphere. NASA SP-461

 

Oct 31, 2006
The Atmosphere of Venus

The expectations of planetary scientists are based on the theory that planets and moons formed from a primordial solar nebula.

"As we dig deeper into the solar system, sifting for clues, one thing we keep learning is that in planetary exploration, expectation and discovery often have little correlation." David H Grinspoon in "Venus Revealed."

When scientists discovered rings of dust and gas around other stars, they used the nebular theory to interpret the rings as "accretion disks." Then they claimed the discovery confirmed the theory. But there is no evidence that the rings around other stars are "accretion disks." In fact the evidence suggests that they are "expulsion disks:" Stars are regularly seen ejecting matter.

However, fervent belief fosters the habit of ignoring uncomfortable data and doubtful assumptions. It seems, as Bertrand Russell wrote, “What men want is not knowledge but certainty.” Because scientific knowledge is necessarily provisional, certainty can only be had through belief. While that remains so, discovery will continue to confound expectations.

Some of the loudest alarms that all is not well with the nebular theory were sounded at Venus, with its hellish temperature and crushing atmosphere. If the nebular model were correct, we should expect a regular gradation of element and isotope abundances in the planets and their atmospheres as we move out from the Sun. The early Sun is supposed to have gone through a phase of producing powerful stellar winds that should have swept away the lightest elements such as hydrogen and helium. But it cannot explain why the deuterium/hydrogen ratio is 120 times higher on Venus than on Earth. And the noble gases argon and neon are 50 to 100 times Earth's atmospheric abundances. Krypton is enriched 3 times and xenon is slightly enriched. The argon/krypton ratio for Venus is 700:1, compared to 30:1 for the Earth. These gases are thought to be primordial.

On Venus the argon 40/argon 36 ratio is 1:1. On Earth the ratio is 400:1. Argon 40 is thought to have accumulated from the decay of crustal potassium 40 since the planet was formed.

Venera 12 carried the only experiment that actually collected cloud particles and analysed them. It found that the most common element in the clouds was chlorine! The clouds held 20 times more chlorine than sulphur. Most of the mass of the clouds was an unknown substance. "These results are so difficult to reconcile with other measurements that American researchers have tended to ignore or discount them, although no one has explained why it should be in error,” wrote David Grinspoon in "Venus Revealed."

The Venusian atmosphere is very dry at 30 parts per million of water vapor. And the water decreases in abundance by an order of magnitude near the surface. This implies that the surface of Venus is sucking up water at a rate that would remove it from the atmosphere in a geological instant. This finding was so outrageous that some scientists were prepared to simply disbelieve the data! As Grinspoon remarked: “We had gone there, more than once, and demanded an answer, and all we got was a colossal riddle.”

All of these discoveries were unexpected. Ad hoc stories have been suggested to explain some of them. Others, like the disappearing water, are simply ignored.

The Electric Universe model expects diversity in planetary atmospheres because they are formed in a process of electric discharge ejection from a larger body – a gas giant or dwarf star. Plasma discharges are an efficient means of segregating elements and their isotopes based on their critical ionisation velocities and atomic mass. This is the reason for the separation of elemental colors in beautiful planetary nebulae. A cosmic plasma discharge is also a copious source of neutrons. Atoms that are bombarded by these neutrons form short-lived radioactive elements. That explains the puzzling presence of the decay products of such elements in meteorites, which are debris from the planetary birth process. The cosmic discharge is also powerful enough to cause nuclear transformations.

The Electric Universe model provides a simple way of understanding the differences in atmospheric composition between Earth and Venus. But it applies to Titan as well, where more atmosphere puzzles were recently uncovered. Both Venus and Titan are young planets, related by birth. Their atmospheres are not yet in equilibrium – as shown by the destruction of water near the Venusian surface and by the remnant of methane in Titan’s atmosphere. The abundance of water on Earth and water ice on many moons in the outer solar system signals those bodies' earlier birth under electrical conditions that were different from those of Venus and Titan.

At first sight, the atmospheric compositions of Titan and Venus appear too dissimilar for them to be related: Titan's atmosphere is predominantly nitrogen, but Venus's atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. In the electrical model the difference is superficial: Ancient records describe Venus going through a prolonged and spectacular discharge phase following her birth. And the nuclear energy difference between the nitrogen molecule and the carbon monoxide molecule is quite small. In the presence of the hot, iron-bearing surface of Venus, acting as a catalyst, that planet’s nitrogen was converted to carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide reacted with water vapor at the hot surface, in a well-known industrial process, to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The hydrogen is found to be escaping in a steady stream from the upper atmosphere. These steps are a very effective means to remove hydrogen from water and to leave behind deuterium to give the observed phenomenally high deuterium/hydrogen ratio.

It seems the process is still active today, giving rise to the destruction of water vapor at the surface of Venus. The electrical energy required is available in the more subdued form of a glow discharge from high elevations. The glow discharge forms a dense, conductive plasma coating, like a sheet of metal over the highlands of Venus. It has given rise to claims that Venusian mountains are topped with “fool’s gold!”

  
Ovda Regio in the western half of Aphrodite Terra, Venus.
Credit: JPL/NASA/California Institute of Technology.


 
 
 

Dione's Daughter
Dec 23, 2009

Instead of a birth at sea, rising up out of the foam, Aphrodite appears to have been born of a fiery furnace.

On April 11, 2006, ESA's Venus Express entered orbit around the enigmatic planetary inferno. The mission is designed to explore the upper atmosphere and the "mysterious" ultraviolet bands in the cloud tops, as well as why those high altitude clouds rage at hurricane force. It is a puzzle to planetary scientists, because the atmosphere at the surface moves sluggishly.

Images obtained by various Russian Venera-class landing vehicles revealed a rock-strewn, sandy terrain with low hills in the distance. Venera 14's instruments felt what would be called on Earth a light breeze, with an average wind speed of only 0.3 to 1.0 meters per second. Venus Express hopes to resolve this issue by conducting long-term atmospheric circulation studies.

Venus is 12,100 kilometers in diameter, about 1000 kilometers smaller than Earth. Its gravitational acceleration is 8.1 meters per second per second, or 90% of that on Earth. The surface temperature has been measured to be 500º Celsius, with an atmosphere that is composed almost entirely of carbon dioxide and a small amount of nitrogen. The atmospheric pressure is 90 times greater than our planet. A human being standing in the open on Venus would be instantly reduced to a smear of gray ash.

The Magellan spacecraft, which entered orbit on August 10, 1990, mapped over 80% of the planet, uncovering another mystery for NASA scientists: mountaintops on Venus glowed brightly in the radar light used to see through the cloud layers. Why this is so cannot be explained with conventional theories, so other speculations were proposed: lead precipitation coating the mountains in metallic shells, or a chemical reaction that forms pyrite.

Physicist and Electric Universe advocate Wal Thornhill disagrees, seeing the anomalous reflectivity as part of the electrical environment on Venus:

"St. Elmo's fire is a highly ionised state involving actual discharge. Put the two together and you have dense plasma—which conducts like a metal and therefore reflects radar like a metal surface. The thickness of such a plasma would have no more effect on radar reflectivity than the thickness of a metal sheet would. Since the plasma would coat the surface rocks (whatever their composition), the radar return would be an enhanced version of that being received from nearby, uncoated, electromagnetically dissipative rocks, and would be greater than that returned from fool's gold [pyrite]. I consider my hypothesis is simpler than one relying on chemical or physical changes in rocks of unknown composition.”

Gigantic fissures with radial grooves are carved into the Venusian surface in great swirling arcs. In three-dimensional imagery, they are depressions with raised central peaks surrounded by "moats," similar to those observed on Mars. The so-called "coronae" are not the only comparable formations between Venus and other celestial bodies.

In the image at the top of the page, Lo Shen Vallis appears remarkably similar to carved channels on Mars, as well as on its moon Phobos. Ma’adim Vallis in the Terra Cimmeria region of Mars is a 20 kilometer wide, 2 kilometer deep, 700 kilometer long channel, said to be created by water millions of years ago. On Venus, however, no one thinks that there was ever flowing water available to cut vast chasms with vertical walls and flat floors, so what made them?

In Electric Universe terms, theories about Venus and how its surface was shaped must include electricity as a defining factor. In the high density Venusian atmosphere, electric arcs might have carved the geographical structures in the same way as those on Mars. Energetic plasma discharges leave “arachnoids” on Venus that resemble “spiders” on Mars, but are far larger and more pronounced.

Electric currents in a thick atmosphere tend to branch out into filaments, some of which spin concentric circles around the primary discharge. Other filaments radiate outward. Together, they etch structures that look like a spiderweb, which is why they are called “arachnoids”. Spider-like features are largely found incised along Venus' equator.

Pits and craters produced by electricity are circular because electromagnetic fields will only allow an arc to impinge on a surface at a right angle. Electric arcs are filamentary, rotating around the central discharge channel, as mentioned above. Surface material is machined away and pulled out, leaving behind steep sides and flat floors with little or no blast debris. Often, the center of the circular formation will be "pinched up," as found in many lunar craters.

Should the electric arc move laterally, it might excise a line of craters in a chain. If they overlap, they will consolidate into a steep-sided trench with scalloped edges. The trench might run for some distance before jumping to another conductive point, where it will electrically erode another long, winding valley, often terminating in a crater. Some valleys have large craters in their middles.

As highlighted in previous Picture of the Day articles, lightning of strength sufficient to excavate craters that measure up to 100 kilometers in diameter, or slice open 700 kilometer gashes, is no longer active on Venus, although it might exist on some of the Solar System's many moons.

Lightning bolts scaled up to continental or planetary dimensions are beyond modern imagination, since activity on that level has never been observed. However, the forensic evidence left behind on Venus, Earth, Mars, and the Moon demonstrates that it will behave the same as it does when confined in laboratory plasma experiments.

Stephen Smith

Thirty-thousand kilometers above the South Pole of Venus at a wavelength of 365 nanometers.
Credit: Venus Monitoring Camera (VMC) on ESA's Venus Express. 
 
 
 

First Star I See Tonight
May 29, 2009

The light from Venus resembles frequencies seen in an electric discharge through ionized gas.

New images from the European Space Agency's Venus Express are said to reveal a "mysterious" chemical that absorbs ultraviolet light. The variation in molecular density causes the Venusian clouds to absorb different frequencies of UV light, creating the bright and dark zones seen in images from space.

Ultraviolet light reveals cloud structures and how the 300-kilometer-per-hour wind creates turbulence and layering within them. Infrared imaging relates the differences in temperature in the cloud tops, as well as how high they are above the surface. The ultraviolet studies indicate that the dark bands in the atmosphere are areas where the temperature is highest, while the bright banding at mid-latitudes exhibits a cooler temperature.

Infrared measurements reveal a surprising fact: the clouds in both the dark and the bright zones on Venus are at approximately the same altitude. A recent study reveals that the different temperatures and dynamic conditions in the clouds are supposed to cause the global ultraviolet display. However, no one knows the exact nature of the chemical that absorbs ultraviolet light.

Could it be that Venus is behaving in a way that consensus opinions do not address? The signals sent back from Venus Express, as well as those from previous missions, are typical of what is seen in a gas discharge tube. The Magellan orbiter detected highly reflective mountain peaks on Venus, prompting one Electric Universe theorist to describe them as wearing coats of "St. Elmo's fire."

Other measurements taken from orbit show that only 2% of sunlight reaches the surface, although landers on the surface saw a landscape lit up as if the sky were glowing. Furthermore, Venus radiates twice the energy it receives from the sun. The atmospheric layers are also uniform in temperature from dayside to nightside, despite the planet's slow rotation.

If Venus’s atmosphere is being heated and driven electrically, what is feeding current into it? The planet has no significant magnetic field and no magnetosphere, but it does possess an ionosphere and a plasma tail with "stringy things" (Birkeland currents). Hannes Alfvén has described Birkeland currents as "power cables" capable of transmitting electrical energy over vast distances. From the Electric Universe perspective, the solar electrical circuit generates a "leakage current" across Venus. The planet and its atmosphere act as a load in the circuit, converting some of the energy into heat, light and motion.

Venus is a charged body immersed in an electrical circuit connected to the Sun, as plasma physicists have known for decades. This means that Venus experiences an invisible cometary style discharge to the solar electrical environment: a plasma tail that astronomers describe as "comet-like." Electrical energy also powers the intense UV airglow, also known as “ashen light.” An electrical explanation for Venus’s anomalous light, heat and atmospheric motion is to be preferred after realizing that the solar system is composed mostly of plasma that can conduct enormous quantities of electricity.

By Stephen Smith

Animation of the solar wind interacting with the atmosphere of Venus. Credit: ESA/C. Carreau

 
 
 
 

Venus: Flame Broiled Pressure Cooker
Jul 29, 2009

How long has there been hell on Venus?

Early in the morning of November 9, 2005, the European Space Agency (ESA) launched the Venus Express orbiter on a mission to map the cloud-shrouded planet. On April 11, 2006, the spacecraft entered orbit around Venus, began transmitting data, and has been doing so since.

ESA's mission was prompted by the many unanswered questions about Venus:

1. What force drives the atmospheric movement?

2. How does the atmosphere circulate?

3. What are the clouds in the lower atmosphere made of?

4. Was there ever any water in the atmosphere?

5. Does internal radiation influence the planet?

6. Is there volcanic or tectonic activity?

Space probes have been investigating Venus since 1962, with 23 missions to date. However, the vast majority of those missions failed to achieve their objectives. Most either disintegrated while attempting to land on the surface or simply did not return data after orbital insertion.

Venus Express was one of the good ones, and has accumulated more than three years of observations, primarily the face of the cloud tops lit by the Sun's intense ultraviolet light, but radar instruments have also produced images that reveal chaotic surface features. A new topographical map of the south polar region was released to the press just recently, combining more than 1000 individual images.

Many of the structures seen on Venus have no analogues to anything found on Earth, such as the gigantic domes, the so-called "arachnoids," and "coronae." There are places that do look like Earth in some ways, though—broad, flat-topped landforms bordered with steep drop-offs resemble the continental shelves and ocean basins found on our planet. On Venus, of course, there is no water in the basins and the highland regions are red hot and barren.

The atmosphere of Venus also contains corrosive hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in small amounts, along with hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride. If those chemical reagents react with the sulfuric acid that is also present, then hydrofluoric and fluorosulphuric acids will form, which are able to dissolve almost any type of rock.

According to conventional thinking about the cosmogony of the Solar System, Venus condensed out of the same primordial cloud as the rest of the planets billions of years ago. How long it has possessed its current atmosphere is open to question, but that it has been as it is for at least 300 million years is agreed to for the most part. That means the surface of Venus has been subjected to an onslaught of chemical erosion for hundreds of millions of years.

After all those millions of years, it is expected that layers of sand or dirt from the weathered basaltic surface would have piled up in various locations around the planet, particularly inside craters, or in the lowlands against the sides of canyon or cliff walls. There appears to be no sign of any significant erosion, however. As the Russian Venera landing craft discovered, the surface of Venus is nothing but bare rock, with a little debris inside the cracks. This is a significant anomaly for which no one has offered a theory: how can Venus be both old and young? If its entire surface has been renovated in the last 300 million years, what caused that to happen?

A surprising observation by the Venus Express orbiting radar package is a confirmation that the tallest mountain peaks exhibit high radar reflectivity. The interpretation given by mission specialists is that the highest elevations are coated with a semiconducting material. It is not known what particular mineral it might be, but it could be pyrite or magnetite.

According to Electric Universe theorist Wal Thornhill, the increased radar reflectivity is because the highest elevations on Venus are shining with St. Elmo's Fire, a plasma phenomenon. It is well understood that plasma is an excellent reflector of electromagnetic radiation, such as radar. The greater the current density in the plasma, the greater the reflectivity.

Venus (or, at least its surface) is evidently young and still retains the characteristics it once had as a comet, visible to our forebears. As Wal Thornhill wrote:

"Venus, with its cometary tail, is evidently still discharging strongly today after a recent cometary past noted globally by ancient witnesses. Venus was described variously as a ‘hairy star’ or ‘bearded star’ and a stupendous prodigy in the sky. Today, Venus’ comet tail operates in the dark discharge mode and is invisible. It can only be detected by magnetometers and charged particle detectors."

Stephen Smith
venus atmosphere layers
Electric Universe theory Plasma mythology 

Venus atmospheric layers

  electrobleme , , 

Venus atmospheric gravity waves layersPlanet Venus, Earth's so called evil twin, is now famous as the origin of greenhouse gases theory and global warming theory. A recent missions data has been interpreted as certain layers in its polar atmosphere having surprisingly colder regions than expected.

What these results reveal is that parts of Venus are much, much colder than expected. The average temperature on Venus makes it the hottest world in the Solar System, with its thick atmosphere trapping heat and giving rise to scorching temperatures of 460°C (860°F) on the surface.

But measurements taken by Venus Express at an altitude of 130 to 140 kilometers (81 to 87 miles) above the surface have revealed the atmosphere near the poles has temperatures far below that on Earth. In fact, the polar atmosphere on Venus drops to -157°C (-251°F), which is 70 degrees colder than expected. It is also 22 to 40 percent less dense than thought.
Death Plunge Of Venus Spacecraft Reveals Surprisingly Cold Temperatures On The Hottest Planet | I Love Science

venus atmospheric layers

Just because Venus is meant to be hot does not mean its whole atmosphere has to be but the massive difference in expected cool temperatures is interesting.

Does Venus have atmospheric layers like Earth?

If it does have more defined layers in its atmosphere than predicted what would this mean? How are planets atmospheric layers formed and maintained?

Are these surprising changes in density and lower temperatures due to Venus atmospheric gravity waves?

Waves are ubiquitous phenomena found in oceans and atmospheres alike. From the earliest formal studies of waves in the Earth’s atmosphere to more recent studies on other planets, waves have been shown to play a key role in shaping atmospheric bulk structure, dynamics and variability ...

As the spacecraft flew through Venus’s atmosphere, deceleration by atmospheric drag was sufficient to obtain from accelerometer readings a total of 18 vertical density profiles. We infer an average temperature of T = 114 ± 23 K and find horizontal wave-like density perturbations and mean temperatures being modulated at a quasi-5-day period.
In situ observations of waves in Venus’s polar lower thermosphere with Venus Express aerobraking

If Velikovskian ideas are correct and Venus was recently born as a planet out of Saturn, or Velikovsky inspired plasma comparative mythology that Venus is a newly created or added to our solar system, what would layers mean?

venus atmosphere layers

The polar atmosphere is also not as dense as expected; at 130 and 140 km in altitude, it is 22% and 40% less dense than predicted, respectively. When extrapolated upward in the atmosphere, these differences are consistent with those measured previously by VExADE at 180 km, where densities were found to be lower by almost a factor of two.

"This is in-line with our temperature findings, and shows that the existing model paints an overly simplistic picture of Venus' upper atmosphere," added Müller-Wodarg. "These lower densities could be at least partly due to Venus' polar vortices, which are strong wind systems sitting near the planet's poles. Atmospheric winds may be making the density structure both more complicated and more interesting!"
Venus Express' swansong experiment sheds light on Venus' polar atmosphere | European Space Agency

pluto layers atmosphere

Pluto's atmospheric layers

Are planets atmosphere layers due to electromagnetic and plasma processes and circuits?

Especially when planets like Pluto have strata in their atmospheric environments?

The presence of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, in Pluto's atmosphere creates a temperature inversion, with the average temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface, though observations by New Horizons have revealed Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected (70 K, as opposed to about 100 K). Pluto's atmosphere is divided into roughly 20 regularly spaced haze layers up to 150 km high, thought to be the result of pressure waves created by airflow across Pluto's mountains.
Atmosphere of Pluto | Wikipedia


Caption: One of the Pioneer probes descends through the thick Venusian atmosphere lit by lightning. Image: NASA SP-461.

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Feb 07, 2005
The Electrified Atmosphere of Venus

Despite the NASA artist’s depiction above, there has been a reluctance to admit data that points to lightning on Venus. As one report in Sciencemagazine said, “On Venus the clouds tend to resemble fogbanks… You don’t see much lightning in fog.” But when the Galileo spacecraft passed Venus on its way to Jupiter, Science reported with some surprise, “The most striking observations made by the Galileo spacecraft during its flyby of Venus was evidence of lightning.” Earlier reports of lightning tended to be discounted, it seems, because they did not fit the pattern of earthly lightning.

The Venera spacecraft found “continuous lightning activity from 32km down to about 2km altitude, with discharges as frequent as an amazing 25 per second.” The highest recorded rate on Earth is 1.4 per second during a severe blizzard. The Pioneer lander recorded 1000 radio impulses. Thirty-two minutes after landing, Venera 11 detected a very loud noise, which was believed to be thunder. The astronomer, Garry Hunt, suggested that “...Venusians may well be glowing from the nearly continuous discharges of those frequent lightning strokes.”

The Venusians may be glowing from another effect of electricity as well. At a height of 16km, two Pioneer probes on the night hemisphere detected a “mysterious glow” coming from the surface. The glow increased on descent and was probably caused by a glow discharge on the surface, known on Earth as “St. Elmo’s fire.” See:

Archive Feb 4, 2005

But the most direct evidence for intense electrical activity in the Venusian atmosphere came as the Pioneer probes descended through clear air. As David Grinspoon wrote in Venus Revealed, “What the hell happened at 12.5 kilometers? Each probe went haywire as it passed through a height of about 12 kilometers, or 7.5 miles, above the surface. The temperature and pressure sensors sent back crazy numbers, power surged throughout the probes, and some instruments stopped functioning entirely.” The NASA report found that “the sensors that failed at almost the same time were made of different materials and their electronics were isolated from each other.” Furthermore, some of the strange readings “can best be explained if the probe became covered with a plasma of charged particles.” The other anomalies “would be consistent with static discharges within or outside the probe, if such were possible.”

In the Electric Universe model of Venus such electrical activity is not just possible, it's expected. Many mysteries about Venus can be cleared up with one simple assumption: Venus is a charged body immersed in an electrical circuit. As plasma scientists have known for decades, this means that Venus will be the focus of an invisible cometary style discharge to the solar electrical environment. When spacecraft first encountered Venus’ magnetotail, astronomers described it as “cometary.” When later spacecraft encountered that tail near the Earth, astronomers were surprised that it was so long and comprised of “stringy things.” They expected it to have blown away like smoke in the solar "wind." However, plasma physicists recognized the “stringy things” as Birkeland currents, the typical form, required by the laws of electromagnetism, taken by moving charged particles in plasma. Because the universe is filled with tenuous plasma, Birkeland currents act as invisible “power lines” throughout the cosmos.

Electrical energy also powers the intense UV airglow, the “ashen light” and the ionosphere on the dark side of Venus, where the night is 58 Earth-days long. The astronomer Axel Firsoff wrote of the ashen light: “There can be no doubt that the true origin of the Ashen Light is electric. It is a night-sky glow, similar to that in our own sky but estimated to be 50-80 times stronger.”

Because this electrical power is being delivered to Venus from external circuits, winds at the cloud tops are driven to 220mph - 60 times faster than the planet surface 40 miles below. This super-rotation of the upper atmosphere mystifies planetary scientists. But it is a “Faraday motor effect” also exhibited by the atmospheres of the Sun, the gas-giant planets, and even Saturn's moon, Titan – Venus’ little brother. The Faraday motor model sees the so-called “magnetic flux ropes” of the solar wind, which are tightly coupled to Venus, as Birkeland currents delivering electric power into the equatorial ionosphere. The Pioneer Orbiter found evidence of the axial part of the circuit at the poles, but that evidence was not recognized as a plasma discharge formation: It was described as “a giant vortex of surprisingly complex structure and behavior” and “one of the more remarkable phenomena in the solar system.” It has the structure of a barred spiral galaxy, which in the Electric Universe represents the grandest scale of plasma discharge. [The next Picture of the Day will discuss the Venus dipole effect in more detail.]

The following comment (emphasis added) is from F. W. Taylor of the University of Oxford's Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics Department. It illustrates the difficulties faced by theorists who have no training in plasma physics or in electrical engineering and who fail to understand the electrical nature of the universe: “Like the Jovian Great Red Spot, the absence of viable theories which can be tested, or in this case any theory at all, leaves us uncomfortably in doubt as to our basic ability to understand even gross features of planetary atmospheric circulations.”

Contributed by Wallace Thornhill

  


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